原文：In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dusthas long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clashwith the Inquisitionin something likeits proper perspective.
(相关资料图)
伽利略在世时是激烈论战的中心。但是，自他逝世以来，那场科学上的纷争早已平息了下来，甚至他和宗教法庭的著名冲突，我们今天也能正确如实地看待。
1) the scientific dust 科学纷争。指前面提到的 violent controversy。long since作状语表示“很久以前”
eg: It has been too long since I finished a book in one sitting.
我已经很长时间没有一口气看完一本书了。
something like 多少,大约
eg: That might be part of it but it's clearly part of a wider meal and it looks like it was something like a potluck.
这也是一部分，但很显然只是正餐的一部分，就像便饭一样。
2) controversy [ˈkɒntrəvɜː(r)si] n. 争议，争论 ~ (over/about/surrounding sb/sth)
eg: The controversy on the safety of transgenetic foods has continued to be debated from the beginning.
转基因食品从它出现的当时，对它安全性的争议持续至今。
dust [dʌst] n. 纠纷，骚动
clash [klæʃ] n. /v, 冲突
eg: It seems as if, for some people, a clash of wills is inseparable from educating children.
对有些人来讲，在教育孩子方面存在着观点冲突好像是不可避免的。
Inquisition [ˌɪŋkwɪˈzɪʃ(ə)n] n. （罗马天主教的）宗教法庭; 一连串的提问
perspective [pə(r)ˈspektɪv] n. 观点，看法
eg: Laughter releases endorphins, relaxes the whole body, and can even change one's perspective just a bit.
笑声会让观众会释放内啡肽，放松身体，甚至可以小小地改变他们的洞察力。
原文：But,in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.
但是相比之下，对于科学史家来说，伽利略只是在现代才变成了一个新的难题。
3) 该句为强调句，所强调的部分是only in modern times。按正常语序应该是:Galileo has become a... only in modern times.
a problem child 用在此处，是说将伽利略比作一个“问题儿童”,这是一种比喻的手法,意思是“新出现的问题”
in/by contrast 形成对照。在句子中作插入语
eg: Ordinary black objects, by contrast, always reflect a bit of light.
与之相反，普通的黑色物质总是会反射一点点光。
原文：The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated. He was, above all, a man who experimented: who despisedthe prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians[ ˌærɪstəˈtiːlɪən], who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly.
令人高兴的是，过去对伽利略的看法并不复杂。他首先是个实验工作者，他蔑视亚里士多德学派的偏见和空洞的书本知识。他向自然界而不是向古人提出问题，并大胆地得出结论。
4) 该句中一连用了4个由关系代词 who引导的修饰 a man 的定语从句，这4个并列的定语从句构成排比结构(parallelism)起到加强语气的作用。
5) above all 作插人语，意即“首先”、“首要”
eg: Above all, salary is only one part of any executive's remuneration.
最重要的是，工资只是高管薪酬中的一个部分。
despise [dɪ'spaɪz] v. 鄙视；蔑视；看不起
eg: You think joy is the only means of salvation and you despise all others?
你认为喜悦时拯救的唯一方法，你鄙视所有其他的方法吗？
put his questions to nature 他向自然界提出问题。
draw a conclusion 得出结论
原文：He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle[ˈæristɔtl] and Ptolemy/ˈtɔlimi/ together.
他是第一个把望远镜对准天空的人，观察到的论据足以把亚里士多德和托勒密一起推翻。
6) there 指 in the sky.
enough to overthrow...作定语、修饰evidence
Aristotle 亚里士多德，古希腊哲学家、科学家，亚历山大大帝的教师。
Ptolemy 托勒密公元2世纪时希腊天文学家、数学家及地理学家,提出太阳绕地球运行的学说。
原文：He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisaand dropped various weights from the top, who rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalizedthe results of his many experimentsinto the famous law of free fall.
他就是那个曾经爬上比萨斜塔，从塔顶向下抛掷各种重物的人；他是那个使球体沿斜面向下滚动，然后将多次实验结果概括成著名的自由落体定律的人。
7) 句子中的两个由关系代词 who引导的从句都是定语从句，修饰 the man。
from the top 后面省略了 of the Learning Towerof Pisa (比萨斜塔)。
generalize...into... 把......归纳成...
eg: He generalized the results of his observations into a scientific theory .
他将观察结果归纳为一条科学理论。
the famous law of free fall 著名的自由落体定律。
原文：But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrentsin the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo.
但是，对那个时代的深化了解，尤其是以科学家革命中哲学潜流的新意识为依据，进一步仔细研究，就会极大地改变对伽利略的看法。
8) 该句的主语是 a closer study of the cvidence，其谓语部分是 has profoundly modified。 this view of Galileo 对伽利略的看法。
a closer study of the evidence... 对那些证据的进步究。其中的 the evidence 指伽利略提出的证据。
supported by... revolution 作非限定性定语，修饰a closer study
a deeper sense of the period 对那个时代更深的认识。
a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution 学革命中哲学潜流的新意识。
undercurrent [ˈʌndə(r)ˌkʌrənt] n. 潜在的情绪（尤指负面的）
eg: There was an undercurrent of antipathy between them.
他们两人之间潜伏着一股反感的暗流
原文：Today, although the old Galileolives onin many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. At the same time our sympathy for Galileo's opponents has grown somewhat.
今天，虽然已故的伽利略继续活在许多通俗读物中，但在科学史家中间，一个新的更加复杂的伽利略形象出现了。与此同时，我们对伽利略的反对派的同情也有所增加。
9) live on 以…为主食；靠…生活；继续活着；靠［吃］…生活
eg:I feel honored to have known Steve Jobs. He was the most innovative entrepreneur of our generation. His legacy will live on for the ages.
认识乔布斯是我的荣幸。他是我们这一代里最有创造力的企业家。他的影响将一直存在。
原文：His telescopicobservations are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialitieshidden in instruments and apparatus.
伽利略用望远镜所作的观察确实是不朽的，这些观察当时引起人们极大的兴趣，具有重要的理论意义，并充分显示出了仪表和仪器的潜在力量。
10) 句子中的3个they 都指 his telescopic observations
hidden in instruments and apparatus 为过去分词短语，作定语，修饰 potentialities, 意即“仪表和仪器的潜在力量。”
at the time 当时
telescopic [ˌtelɪˈskɒpɪk] adj. 望远镜的；望远的；放大的；可伸缩的
eg: The working device is composed of two quadrilateral portable telescopic arms and a rotary boom.
工作装置为两节四边形伸缩臂和一个可旋转吊臂组成。
theoretical [ˌθɪəˈretɪk(ə)l] adj. 理论上的；理论上存在的；假设的
eg: Many theoretical models have been developed to describe the effective evolution of the surface structure and morphology.
许多理论模型被用来描述表面结构和形态的演变。
potentiality [pə.tenʃi'æləti] n. 潜力；潜在的可能性
eg:For dream, we don't always think how impossible to be truth, if you think that , you will chain and destroy your potentiality by yourself.
对于梦想，不要去总想现不现实，可不可能，越是那样去想，越会束缚和扼杀你的潜力。
原文：But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls forlong experience and intimatefamiliaritywith one's instrument?
但是，如果我们想到，使用一架倍数有限的望远镜需要长期的经验和对自己仪器的熟悉程度，那么我们怎么能去责备观察了天空但没有看到伽利略所看到的东西的那些人呢？
11) who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw 为定语从句，修饰 those。其中的 what Galileo saw 为动词不定式 to see 的宾语从句。
if 引导的是该句的条件状语从句, that 引导的是该从句谓语动词 remember 的宾语从句。动词不定式to use a telescope...powers 为该宾语从句的主语，意即“用望远镜的极限功率”
calls for 为其谓语动词。call for 需要, 要求
eg: A military force that is not part of a regular army and is subject to call for service in an emergency.
预备役部队不作为正规军的一部分，准备在紧急情况下服役的武装力量。
intimate['ɪntɪmət] n. 知己；密友；至交
v. 暗示；透露；（间接）表示
adj. 亲密的；密切的；个人隐私的（常指性方面的）；宜于密切关系的
eg: Hand holding is one of the most intimate ways to connect with one another.
牵手是最亲密的联络感情的方法之一。
familiarity [fəˌmɪlɪˈærəti] n. 熟悉；通晓；亲近；认识 ~ (with sth).~ (to sb)
eg: When I first landed on the land, I could feel no sense of the uneasiness in a strange place, but some familiarity.
当我第一次踏上那片土地是，我完全没有感觉到来到一个陌生地方的那种不安，而是一种很熟悉的感觉。
原文：Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpablethan those who alleged thatthe spiral nebulaeobserved with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the 1840s were scratchesleft by the grinder?
某位哲学家曾拒绝使用伽利略的望远镜去观察天空；到了19世纪40年代，有人硬把罗斯勋爵高倍望远镜观测到的螺旋状星云说成是磨镜工留下的磨痕。难道反对伽利略的哲学家比诋毁罗斯勋爵造谣者应受到更大的谴责吗？
12) who refused to... telescope为定语从句，修饰 the philosopher。
more culpable 作该句的表语，意即“更应受谴责的”。than引导的是比较状语从句
who...eighteen-forties作定语从句，修饰该比较状语从句中的主语 those。
that the spiral nebulae... eighteen-forties 作动词alleged 的宾语从句， 意即“在 19 世纪 40 年代用罗斯爵高倍望远镜观测到的螺旋状星云”。
observed... eighteen-forties 为过去分词短语作定语， 修饰the spiral nebulae。
该比较状语从句的谓语部分是 were scratches left by the grinder。
left by the grinder 为过去分词短语，作定语，修饰 scratches，意即“望远镜镜片的磨工留下的划痕”。
Lord Rosse 是英国天文学家，制造了19 世纪最大的反射望远镜。
allege that...断言，宣称
eg: Three women allege that they were the victims of gender discrimination on Wall Street.
三位女性员工控诉她们是华尔街性别歧视的受害者。
culpable ['kʌlpəb(ə)l] adj. 应受责备的；难辞其咎的
eg: The accident was the result of a culpable failure to consider the risks involved.
这场事故是没有考虑到有关风险引起的，应该追究责任。
spiral ['spaɪrəl] n. 螺旋式；螺旋形；逐渐加速上升（或下降）
v. 螺旋式上升（或下降）；盘旋上升（或下降）；急剧增长
adj. 螺旋形的；螺旋式的
eg: My investigation started with trying to understand the spiral pattern.
我尝试着从理解这个螺旋模式入手。
nebula [ˈnebjʊlə] n. 【天】星云；【医】角膜翳
nebulae [pl.] [ˈnebjəli:]
scratch [skrætʃ] v. 划伤；挠；取消；刮坏
n. 划伤；搔痒；刮（或擦、抓）的刺耳声；挠痒
adj. 仓促拼凑的；无让杆的；无差点的
eg: Do not use abrasive kitchen cleaners, as they will scratch the surface.
不要使用磨料厨房清洁剂，因为它们将触及表面而伤害到它。
grinder [ˈɡraɪndə(r)] n. 磨床；磨工；碾磨器械；磨刀匠
原文：We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass ifwe recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivancefor producing not truth but illusion, untruth; and ifa single curved glass would distortnature, how much more would a pair of them?
如果我们回想一下伽利略之前几个世纪期间，曲面镜一直是一种用于产生幻影而不是产生真象的把戏装置，那么我们就会原谅那些当时把伽利略观察到的木星卫星说成是伽利略用他的小望远镜变出来的人们，何况一片曲面镜就可歪曲自然，那么伽利略的两片曲面镜对自然的歪曲又该多大呢？
13) 该句中包含由两个if引导的条件状语从句。
第1个条件状语从句中的 that引导的是动词 recall 的宾语从句，in his day 为时间状语，his 指 Galileo's
as for centuries before 为插入语，as为连词，表示“像”。后面跟介词短语 for centuries before,意即“正像几个世纪以前那样”。该处用 before 而未用ago，原因在于：当表示距现在多久以前时用 ago，而表示从过去某个时间的多以前时用 before。课文中是指在伽利略生活时代以
前的几个世纪，所以用 before。
试比较:
I saw him a year ago, since when I haven't seen anything of him.
我一年前看到过他，从那以后我连他的影子都没有见到。
He set fire to his house before he took a flight. 他逃跑前放火烧了房子。
该句中的“逃跑”这个动作发生在过去，“防火”发生在这个动作之前，故用before。
curved glass was... untruth 为that 从句的主语和谓语部分。
untruth 作 illusion 的同位语。
a pair of them 指 a pair of curved glasses，后而省略了distort nature
contrivance [kən'traɪv(ə)ns] n. 非自然之物；人工产物；矫揉造作；精巧（或复杂）的装置
eg: The boy was busied about some mechanical contrivance.
这孩子正在忙着做什么手工。
distort [dɪˈstɔː(r)t] v. 扭曲；歪曲；使变形；使失真
eg:If you do distort reality, you will experience anxiety, depression and ultimately panic, because you are trying to make youself unreal.
你若扭曲了实相，自会感受到焦虑、沮丧，终至惊慌失措，因为你企图把自己变为非真之物。
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